Numbers can be either ranged or non-ranged. Ranged numbers are typically used with Capital letters where there are no ascenders and descenders. Non-ranged numbers are used minuscule text where there are ascenders and descenders.

The method of construction is the same for ranged and non-ranged. We are showing you non-ranged numbers.

0, 1, 2 The first group of numbers have the same height, or body height as minuscule letters. So, for the Foundational Hand the numbers would be 4.5 nib widths tall.

3, 4, 5, 7, 9
This group of letters all have descenders, meaning part of the number goes below the write-line.

6, 8 The numbers 6 and 8 go above the x-height line.

Letter Spacing

Two straight letters are furthest apart

If you start with two ‘straight’ letters N and N, there will be an area between these letters.  The two straight letters are 5/8 the height of the letter apart.   So, if you had an x-height of 10mm the distance between the straight letters would be 6mm.If you produced these letters on a piece of graph paper you could add up all the (millimetre) squares and you would know the area between the letters.

A straight and a curved letter are slightly closer together

The distance between a straight letter and a curved letter is adjusted such that the area between the letters is the same as two straight letters. For example, a curved letter O will be will closer to the straight letter N than another straight letter. Why is this?Well, remember, we are dealing with the area between letters and so we have to allow for the space at the top and bottom of the curved letter. All the partial squares along with the whole squares created by our two letterforms needs to add up to the same number of squares (area) as our two straight letters.

Two curved letters are closest together

When writing two curved letters together, for example O and another O they will be close together.  This is because we need to allow for the area above and below each curved letter.  Keeping with the graph paper idea we now have lots of partial squares created by the curved shapes.  However, if we could add all these fragments up, it should still be the same area as the two straight letters.  Some combinations of letters are relatively easy to space, other letter combinations are more difficult. The problems start when you have letters, for example, C followed by a Y or an E next to a J. With the type of combinations you have to consider the space inside the letters. In practice this means some letters are written very close together.  Examples include ‘TT’ ‘RY’. This is because the letters have a lot of space associated with them meaning if the spacing rules were applied there would not be an evenness of space.  The letters are close together because the eye reads part of the space within the letter area together with the interletter space.

Word Spacing

The letter O is used as a guide for the inter-word spacing.  However, this will also need adjusting depending upon the last letter of the word and the first letter of the next word.  This can result in the word spacing being reduced to compensate for the space around some letters.

Once the proportions of the Roman Capitals have been studied, the next step is to start writing the letters.
Each letter is constructed rather than written.  The letters are made up from a combination of pen strokes.
With this style of lettering, the pen strokes are only made in a top – down or left – right direction.  The pen is never pushed up.
When we studied the proportions of the Roman Capital letters we could group them according to their widths.  Now, we can group the letters according to the order and direction of the pen strokes.

The first group consists of the letters C, D, G, O, and Q
These letters are based on the circle shape.  This shape is produced with two pen strokes.  If you imagine a clock face, the start of the first stroke is at approximately the 11, and finishes in an anti-clockwise direction at 5.  The second stroke starts again at the 11 and finishes on the 5, but is produced in a clockwise direction.
The second stroke on the C and G is shorter and the letters G and Q have a third stroke to complete the letter.
The letter D is made from 2 pen strokes.  The first stroke is a vertical down-stroke and then across to give an ‘L’ shape.  The second pen stroke is similar to the second stroke of the other curved strokes.

The second group consists of the letters B, E, F, L, P and R
The letter L is straight forward.  This made up from one stroke and is a vertical down-stroke and then across to give an ‘L’ shape.  The letter E also starts like this with a second and third stroke added to complete the letterform.
The letter F is just a vertical stroke with the second and third stroke added to complete the shape.
The letter B starts the same as the letter L.  Then, the two round circular shapes of the B are produced from one pen stroke.  The letters P and R are based on the letter B, except only the top circular shape is made.  The letter R needs a third pen stroke to complete the shape.

The next group of letters are A, M, V, W, X and Y
These letters all include diagonal pen strokes, which always start at the top and goes down.
The letter V is made from two diagonal pen strokes.  The letter W is to letter V’s ‘stuck together’.
Start the letter M, with a near-vertical pen stroke.  This is followed by the V shape.  The letter is completed with another almost vertical stroke.
The letter X is just 2 diagonal strokes that cross.  The letter Yis a shortened V shape, completed with a short vertical stroke.
The letter A is in this group, because it is an upside-down V shape, and has a short horizontal pen stroke to complete the letterform.

The letters H, I, J, N, T, U and Z are in the next group.
The letters H and N start the same way, with 2 vertical strokes, which are ¾ of the height of the letter apart.  They are completed with a third, straight pen stroke for the H or diagonal for the N.
The letter T is straight-forward, after the vertical stroke is produced, a second stroke is made which needs to be in length ¾ the height of the first stroke.
The letter Z consists of 2 horizontal ¾ width pen strokes, joined by a diagonal stroke.
The letter I is straight-forward!
U starts with a vertical line that picks up the underlying circle on the grid.  A second pen stroke is made ¾ of the height of the letter apart.
The letter J is made up from 2 pen strokes.  The first is a vertical stroke that stops short of the write line.  The second stroke starts approximately the distance of ½ the height of the letter away from the end of the first stroke.  It curves, touches the write-line and touches the bottom of the first stroke.

Finally, S and K
These letters don’t really belong to any of the previous groups.
K is made up of 3 straight pen strokes; the first is a vertical stroke, the second stroke touches the first stroke just above the half-way mark.  The third stroke starts where the second stroke finished and goes out slightly further out than the second stroke before touching the write-line.
Finally, the letters S, the hardest letter to learn?  This is a half-width letter, so quite narrow.  It may help you to visualise the number 8 when producing the letter.  The first pen-stroke is a ‘snake’ shape and starts just below the body-height of the letter and finishes just above the write-line.  The second stroke, starts at the top of the first stroke and is curved.  Finally, the third stroke starts at the bottom of the first stroke and curves – touching the write-line before it meets up with the end of the first stroke.

We could just pick up a calligraphy pen and make a start with some sample sheets, but this will not produce such good lettering as taking our time and learning the proportions of each letter.

Roman Capital Letters have different widths; the obvious example is the letter ‘I’ compared to the letter ‘M’. The good news is that each letter can be grouped according to its widths. So, instead of having 26 letters of different widths, there are in fact only 4 groups of letters. The GridTo help get these widths correct we can construct a grid, where each letter can be placed inside.

The grid consists of a square and inside it a circle that just touches the lines of the square in four places. Within the square, there is also a rectangle. This rectangle is three quarters the size of the square and is positioned in the centre of the square. Groups of LettersThe first group of letters; O, C, D, G, Q are widest letters and all pick up the circle at some point, although obviously O and Q follow the whole circle. The other letters in this group are not the full width of the square. If they were, they would look too big. The second group of letters; are known as the three-quarter width group because they all fit in the rectangle part of the grid. The letters in this group are H, A, V, N, T, U, X, Y, Z. The letters in this group are probably the easiest to learn. The third group of letters are known as the half-width group because all the letters fit in approximately half of the grid. The letters in this group are B, P, R, E, F, L, K, S, J. Most people find these letters harder to learn. There are two reasons for this. Firstly, they do not fit in the grid as well as the three-quarter width group letters. Secondly, many of the letters in this group include curved/round pen strokes. i.e. the letters B and S.

B, P and R are very similar. To learn the proportions of the letter B, try and visualise 2 circle shapes, one on top of the other. The top circle is slightly smaller than the bottom circle (the centre of these circles has been shown by the 2 red crosses). If the vertical stroke of the letter B started at the edge of the grid the letter would look too wide. Also, if it started on the vertical line of the rectangle the letter would be too narrow.

Once you have studied the letter B, the letters P and R become much easier to learn. The 2 circles used for letter B, can also act as visual aid for the sizes of the different parts of the letters E, F, L and K. If you can imagine squares that fit exactly to the circles you can judge how far out the horizontal strokes on the E, F and L go. Also, from these squares you can judge the length of the two strokes of the letter K. The bottom stroke of the K will go further out than the top stroke. If they were in line then the letter would look like it was about to topple over.

The letter S is based on two different sized circles on the right-hand side of the grid. Again the top circle is smaller than the bottom circle. The letter J picks up and leaves the bottom circle to get the hook shape. We are now only left with three letters; I, M and W. These letters do not belong to any of the three groups because they are all odd sizes.

The letter M is the width of the square on our grid, the V shape being exactly the same as the letter V. This means the two vertical strokes of the letter M are in fact not vertical! A common mistake is to make the letter too wide by writing two upside-down ‘V’s. The letter W is just two V letters ‘stuck’ together. So, this is the widest letter of the alphabet.

Finally, we are left with the letter I, which is just a vertical stroke! ]]> http://www.scribblers.co.uk/blog/2011/03/roman-capitals-proportions/feed/ 1 http://www.scribblers.co.uk/blog/2010/06/practising-a-new-style/ http://www.scribblers.co.uk/blog/2010/06/practising-a-new-style/#comments Thu, 24 Jun 2010 09:51:38 +0000 admin http://www.scribblers.biz/blog/?p=718 We recently discussed ways of practising your calligraphy. In that post we said it is best to practise frequently and do so in a constructive and methodical way. By setting yourself a target for the practise session you would be more focused and achieve better results.I thought I would follow this up by describing the way I practised Italic Minuscules. I don’t intend to explain how to write that style rather than my approach to practising the style.The characteristics of Italics are different to those of Roman Capitals and Foundational Hand.The nib is held at 45° to the write-line. So, I constructed a 45° line at the top left on my practise paper (I like to use Layout Paper). Next I ruled up the paper. It’s best to write large at first and at a later stage reduce the x-height. So I started with an x-height of about 15mm. The letters are also sloped at 5°, so I constructed a 5° line and then copied it across the page at 20mm intervals.I was ready to begin; after loading the nib with ink, I hovered it over the 45° line to make sure the pen angle was correct. From experience I find that each practise session starts of badly – it takes a while to warm up. Then for a while you write at your best before starting to become tired and the letters become weaker. So at first I produce a few vertical and horizontal lines to get myself in the right frame of mind and to check the ink flow. It is important the nib is correctly inserted in to the penholder and the ink is flowing nicely. When practising, you do not want to be distracted with any nib and ink flow problems.At this stage, the paper is ruled-up ready including your 5° slope lines and 45° pen angle line. Your nib and reservoir are correctly fitted and the ink is flowing nicely from nib. We are now ready to start writing …..Italic Minuscules can be grouped together based upon similar characteristics. In this practise session I had already decided to practise the ‘O’ group of letters. It is difficult to get the consistency of these letters because they are all based on the oval shape. Getting the shape is not so bad, but to get the same width oval shape is hard. In contrast to this if you were studying Roman Capitals or the Foundational Hand you may be finding it really hard to get a perfect round circle, but at least you can visualise the shape. Visualising the correct width of the oval is a lot trickier.Now warmed up and ready to go, I started by writing out a line of the letters c, e, o, l and t to get going. Next a complete line of the o letter was written. Then I looked carefully at my letters comparing them to the alphabet sampler and accompanying notes. Each letter was analysed and if I thought it was acceptable I placed a small tick next to the letter. If the letter was bad a small cross was made against it. At first there would be whole lines of letters with a cross against each of them. Several lines later a few more ticks started to appear.This technique was then used with the other letters of the group.Towards the end of the session I produced a couple of lines writing each letter of the group in turn.By analysing and marking EACH letter written, quite quickly I found my work would improve. This method was used for each group of letters.Finally, It’s a good idea to date your work and keep all the practise sheets for a while so at a later date you can go back through them and see how much progress you have made.